The US Senate has dragged Apple, the world's most valuable company, into the debate over the US tax code, grilling CEO Tim Cook over allegations that its Irish subsidiaries help the company avoid billions in US taxes.
Cook said the subsidiaries have nothing to do with reducing its US taxes, a message he struggled to convey to the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations.
"We pay all the taxes we owe - every single dollar," Cook said. "We don't depend on tax gimmicks."
The senate subcommittee has released a report that held up Apple as an example of the legal tax avoidance made possible by the US tax code.
It estimates that Apple avoided at least $US3.5 billion in US federal taxes in 2011 and $US9 billion in 2012 by using its tax strategy, and described a complex setup involving Irish subsidiaries as being a key element of this strategy.
But Cook said the Irish subsidiaries don't reduce the company's US taxes at all. Rather, the company avoids paying the 35 per cent federal tax rate on profits made overseas by not bringing those profits back to the US, a practice it shares with other multinationals.
Apple's enormous, iPhone-fueled profits mean that it has more cash stashed overseas than any other company: $US102 billion.
Cook reaffirmed Apple's position that given the current US tax rate, it has no intention of bringing that cash back to the US. Like other companies, it has a responsibility to shareholders to pay as little as possible in taxes.
In effect, Apple is holding out for a lower corporate tax rate, and Cook spent some of his time in the spotlight to advocate for one, accompanied by a streamlining of the tax code to eliminate deductions and credits.
Cook, who is more accustomed to commanding a stage in front of investors and techies than facing a congressional committee, took a defensive tone with his opening statement. He punched out words when stressing the 600,000 jobs that the company supports while adding that Apple is the nation's largest corporate taxpayer.
At the same time, Cook said he was happy to appear to be able to give Apple's side of the story.
"I'm saying it's who we are as people. ... Wherever we are, we're an American company," Cook insisted when asked about Apple's use of affiliate companies in Ireland.
It was the first time an Apple CEO testified before Congress. Cook did so voluntarily. He appeared with Apple CFO Peter Oppenheimer and Head of Tax Operations Phillip Bullock.
Senator. Carl Levin, Democrat Michigan, the panel's chairman, said Apple's use of loopholes in the US tax code is unique among multinational corporations.
Apple uses five companies located in Ireland to carry out its tax strategy, according to the Congressional report. The companies are located at the same address in Cork, Ireland, and they share members of their boards of directors. While all five companies were incorporated in Ireland, only two of them also have tax residency in that country. That means the other three aren't legally required to pay taxes in Ireland because they aren't managed or controlled in that country, in Apple's view.
The report says Apple capitalizes on a difference between US and Irish rules regarding tax residency. In Ireland, a company must be managed and controlled in the country to be a tax resident.
Under US law, a company is a tax resident of the country in which it was established. Therefore, the Apple companies aren't tax residents of Ireland or the US, since they weren't incorporated in the US, in Apple's view.
"Apple is exploiting an absurdity," Levin said at the start of the hearing.
The core of Levin's argument is that Apple has shifted intellectual property rights, like patents, to its Irish subsidiaries, which means other divisions pay royalties to those subsidiaries for their sales.
Intellectual property rights, like patents, are Apple's "golden goose," Levin said.
Apple executives countered that the main company has kept the rights for North and South America, so only royalties for overseas sales flow to the Irish subsidiaries. Also, the Irish companies pay for some of research and development costs incurred at Apple's headquarters in Cupertino, California.
"What Apple is doing is pretty mainstream," said accounting expert Robert Willens, in an interview. Shifting around the intellectual property rights has a minor effect compared to the simple avoidance of US taxes by not repatriating profits, he said.
The spotlight on Apple's tax strategy comes at a time of fevered debate in Washington over whether and how to raise revenues to help reduce the federal deficit. Many Democrats complain that the government is missing out on billions of dollars because companies are stashing profits abroad and avoiding taxes.
Republicans want to cut the corporate tax rate of 35 per cent and ease the tax burden on money that US companies make abroad. They say the move would encourage companies to invest at home.
While the two parties agree that reform is necessary, there is little agreement about what shape it would take. Throughout the hearing, senators on the panel seized on Apple's situation to illustrate their belief that the US tax system is in dire need of repair.
White House spokesman Jay Carney said the issue highlighted by the Senate panel's report, unfairness in the U.S. tax code, is one of longstanding concern to President Barack Obama.
Carney said Obama has long favored proposals "to ensure that American companies cannot use off-shore profit shifting to avoid paying taxes," including a proposal for a minimum tax on foreign earnings.
"This has been a major priority of his because he thinks it is inexplicable that our tax code would actually be written in a way that rewards companies for taking jobs and profits offshore, and thereby penalizes companies for doing what we want them to do, which is create jobs and opportunity here in the United States," Carney said.
Thanks largely to the iPhone, Apple is one of the world's most profitable companies. It earned $US41.7 billion in calendar year 2012. It's neck and neck with Exxon Mobil Corp. as the world's most valuable company.
However, Apple's Irish subsidiaries date back thirty years, to the time when the Macintosh computer was Apple's banner product, and its profits were a fraction of 1 percent of today's figure.
Apple's stock fell $US2.74, or less than one per cent, to $US440.19 in yesterday's US trading.
The subcommittee also has examined the tax strategies of Microsoft., Hewlett-Packard, and other multinational companies, finding that they too have avoided billions in US taxes by shifting profits offshore and exploiting weak, ambiguous sections of the tax code.
Microsoft has used "aggressive" transactions to shift assets to subsidiaries in Puerto Rico, Ireland and Singapore, in part to avoid taxes. HP has used complex offshore loan transactions worth billions while using the money to run its US operations, according to the panel.
The tone of the hearing turned tense before the Apple executives appeared, as Republican Senator. Rand Paul, an anti-tax hawk who reflects tea party sentiment, insisted that the subcommittee apologize to Apple for unfair scapegoating.
"If anyone should be on trial here it should be Congress ... for creating a bizarre and byzantine tax code," said Paul. "If you want to assign blame, this committee needs to look in the mirror and see who created that mess."
Levin countered angrily that no such apology would be forthcoming. "Apple's a great company, but no company should be able to determine how much it's going to pay in taxes ..... by using gimmicks," he said.
And Sen. John McCain of Arizona, the subcommittee's senior Republican, condemned Paul's remarks as "offensive" for accusing Levin of bullying Apple executives.
Levin called Ireland a "tax haven," an appellation Irish Prime Minister Enda Kenny rejected when speaking in parliament in Dublin.
"We are not a tax haven. American investors quite understand that. Our (taxation system) is statutory-based and clear and transparent and effective right across the board," Kenny said.
He also denied the assertion in the subcommittee's report that Apple had negotiated an Irish corporate tax rate of less than 2 per cent. All companies pay the standard rate of 12.5 per cent on profits from Irish operations, the prime minister said.
"Reports of lower effective tax rates appear to arrive at their figures by running together the profits earned by group companies in Ireland and in other jurisdictions," Kenny said.
