What's the biggest hurdle for a technological revolution in China's water desalination sector?
It's certainly not a lack of potential market. In a country where water shortages have already crippled economic development, processing seawater for drinking and industrial use offers a future not only to the country but also to global investors.
It's no wonder, then, that more than 300 specialists and businessmen from across the world flocked to Tianjin recently, looking for opportunities at the five-day congress of the International Desalination Association.
Jeff Green, founder and CEO of NanoH2O Inc, brought along his latest and most advanced products, hoping to crack open the door of the emerging Chinese market.
NanoH2O announced at the congress that a desalination plant with a 45 million yuan ($7.4 million) investment will be set up in Liyang, Jiangsu province, next year, the biggest investment that the company has made abroad.
Green said the plant will supply high-quality reverse osmosis membranes to both domestic and overseas markets. The new products are expected to largely cut down on desalination costs.
He added that the investment was a big decision for the company, but was finally made because they believe the Chinese water desalination market will be worth 6 billion yuan by 2020 and that at least 100 million people in the country will be drinking desalinated water by then.
Reverse osmosis membranes are an essential material used during the desalination process. The water-processing costs are largely decided by the quality of the membranes. Those with higher permeability rates are able to effectively reduce energy consumption when seawater is pumped through the membranes to distill fresh water.
Energy consumption accounts for about half of the total costs of desalination plants in China, said Wang Shichang, a desalination expert at Tianjin University and a co-chair of the International Desalination Association's congress.
Wang said that plants with foreign investors making high-quality membranes will fill in a supply gap and may drive a technological revolution for domestic companies.
Khoo Teng Chye, executive director of Singapore's Center for Livable Cities, said the city-state is looking for more cooperation opportunities. Hyflux, which started operations in Tianjin in 2007, is one of the flagship projects of Sino-Singaporean cooperation on this area.
Tianjin - the largest coastal city in northern China - has two desalination plants, supplying more than 6 million tons of water into the distribution network since 2010. Other coastal cities, such as Qingdao, Shandong province, and Zhoushan, Zhejiang province, also have similar plants to process seawater for industrial use.
China's seawater processing capacity has reached about 760,000 tons per day, and the average cost has decreased from more than 20 yuan per metric ton to about 7 yuan a ton, a price similar to ordinary industrial water.
China is a huge and growing market for the desalination and water recycling industry, not only in coastal areas but also in inland areas, where the technology can be used for water-recycling projects, Khoo said.
"As in all technology development processes, there's a learning curve to overcome. I'm confident China will do well. The government has already given very clear guidance on this matter with clear targets. What remains is to make desalination economically viable, and market forces will then propel its development," Khoo said.
The government guidance to which Khoo referred is the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-15) for the water desalination sector, which was issued last year.
As one of 13 countries across the world with a severe shortage of freshwater, China's per-capita freshwater reserves are only one-fourth of the global average. About 447 out of 600 cities in China suffer from water shortages, and 147 cities are seeing severe shortages.
According to the development plan, water desalination projects are the country's "choice for survival". By 2015, the government plans to triple the current industry output and provide water to at least 15 million people.
But technology disadvantages are not the only barrier hindering the development of the industry.
Despite the explicit government support, Wang said the industry has not seen any "noticeable increase" in recent years, due to a nationwide halt of infrastructure projects and the massive south-to-north water diversion project.
The construction of water desalination plants came to a standstill, as many other construction projects during China's economic slowdown, while the diversion of water from southern areas has also helped to relieve some pressure in the north.
"The seawater surrounding China is highly polluted. Plants have to clean up large amounts of oil leaks and algae before the water goes into the desalination process. Reducing the expenses of the purification process is certainly a major task ahead of us," Wang said.
Even so, Khoo said the cost of purifying and desalinating water is lower than diverting water all the way from the south, and costs will continue to come down due to the use of better technology and the true involvement of the private sector.
"After all, this is a strategically important development that will impact the long-term water security of China," he added.
