In 2010, faced with the complicated and volatile domestic and international economic environment and various grand challenges, under the firm leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the people of all nationalities of China, taking as the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of "Three Represents", implemented earnestly the scientific approach to the economic and social development, continuously carried out the package of plans aiming at dealing with the international financial crisis, speeded up the transformation of economic development mode and the strategic adjustment of economic structure, national economic performance maintained steady and rapid development and all social undertakings achieved new progress.
I. General Outlook
In 2010, the gross domestic product (GDP)[2] of the year was 39,798.3 billion yuan, up by 10.3 percent over the previous year. Of this total, the value added of the primary industry was 4,049.7 billion yuan, up by 4.3 percent, that of the secondary industry was 18,648.1 billion yuan, up by 12.2 percent and the tertiary industry was 17,100.5 billion yuan, up by 9.5 percent. The value added of the primary industry accounted for 10.2 percent of the GDP, that of the secondary industry accounted for 46.8 percent, and that of the tertiary industry accounted for 43.0 percent.
In 2010,the total fiscal revenue reached 8,308.0 billion yuan, up by 21.3 percent or an increase of 1,456.2 billion yuan over that in the previous year. Of this total, the taxes collected in the whole year reached 7,320.2 billion yuan, up by 23.0 percent or an increase of 1,368.0 billion yuan over 2009.
At the end of 2010, China's foreign exchange reserves reached 2,847.3 billion US dollars, an increase of 448.1 billion US dollars as compared with that at the end of the pervious year. At the end of the year, the exchange rate was 6.6227 RMB to 1 USD, an appreciation by 3 percent over that at the end of 2009.
In 2010,the total fiscal revenue reached 8,308.0 billion yuan, up by 21.3 percent or an increase of 1,456.2 billion yuan over that in the previous year. Of this total, the taxes collected in the whole year reached 7,320.2 billion yuan, up by 23.0 percent or an increase of 1,368.0 billion yuan over 2009.
II. Agriculture
In 2010, the sown area of grain was 109.87 million hectares, an increase of 890 thousand hectares as compared with that in the previous year; the sown area of cotton was 4.85 million hectares, a decline of 100 thousand hectares; the sown area of oil-bearing crops was 13.97 million hectares, an increase of 320 thousand hectares; the sown area of sugar crops was 1.92 million hectares, an increase of 30 thousand hectares.
The total output of grain in 2010 was 546.41 million tons, an increase of 15.59 million tons or up by 2.9 percent over the previous year. Of this total, the output of summer crops was 123.10 million tons, decreased by 0.3 percent, and that of the early rice was 31.32 million tons, decreased by 6.1 percent over the previous year. The output of autumn grain was 391.99 million tons, an increase of 4.8 percent.
In 2010, the output of cotton was 5.97 million tons, a decrease of 6.3 percent over the previous year, that of oil-bearing crops was 32.39 million tons, up by 2.7 percent and that of sugar crops was 120.45 million tons, a drop of 1.9 percent, that of tobacco was 2.71 million tons, a decrease of 3.9 percent, and that of tea was 1.45 million tons, up by 6.4 percent.
The total output of meat for the year reached 79.25 million tons, up by 3.6 percent over the previous year. Of this total, the output of pork was 50.70 million tons, up by 3.7 percent, and that of beef and mutton was 6.53 and 3.98 million tons, up by 2.7 percent and 2.2 percent respectively. At the end of the year, 464.40 million pigs were registered in the total stocks, down by 1.2 percent, and 667.00 million pigs were slaughtered, up by 3.3 percent. The total output of eggs was 27.65 million tons, up by 0.8 percent. The production of milk was 35.70 million tons, up by 1.5 percent.
The total output of aquatic products was 53.66 million tons, up by 4.9 percent. Of this total, the output of cultured aquatic products was 38.50 million tons, up by 6.3 percent; and that of fished aquatic products was 15.16 million tons, up by 1.4 percent over the previous year.
The total production of timber for the year 2010 reached 72.84 million cubic meters, an increase of 3.1 percent.
Over 1.634 million hectares of farmland was increased with effective irrigation systems and another additional 1.975 million hectares of farmland was guaranteed by water-saving irrigation systems.
III. Industry and Construction
In 2010, the total value added of the industrial sector was 16,003.0 billion yuan, up by 12.1 percent over the previous year. The value added of industrial enterprises above the designated size increased by 15.7 percent. Of the industrial enterprises above the designated size, the value added of the state-owned and state-holding enterprises grew by 13.7 percent, that of the collective enterprises went up by 9.4 percent, that of the share-holding enterprises increased by 16.8 percent, that of the enterprises by foreign investors and investors from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan soared by 14.5 percent and 20.0 percent growth for private enterprises. The growth of the light industry was 13.6 percent and that of the heavy industry was 16.5 percent.
In 2010, of the industrial enterprises above designated size, the growth of value added for processing of food from agricultural products was 15.0 percent over the previous year; for textile industry was 11.6 percent; for manufacture of general machinery 21.7 percent; for manufacture of special purpose machinery 20.6 percent; for manufacture of transport equipment 22.4 percent, of which, 24.8 percent for automobile manufacturing, and 25.4 percent for manufacture of railway transport equipment; for manufacture of communication equipment, computers and other electronic equipment 16.9 percent and for manufacture of electrical machinery and equipment 18.7 percent. The growth of the value added for the major six high energy consuming industries[4] were 13.5 percent, of which, that of the manufacture of non-metallic mineral products was 20.3 percent, manufacture of raw chemical materials and chemical products 15.5 percent, smelting and pressing of ferrous metals 13.2 percent, smelting and pressing of non-ferrous metals 11.6 percent, production and supply of electric power and heat power 11.0 percent and 9.6 percent for processing of petroleum, coking, processing of nuclear fuel. The value added growth for the high-tech industry was 16.6 percent over the previous year.
The profits made by the industrial enterprises above the designated size in the first 11 months of 2010 were 3,882.8 billion yuan, an increase of 49.4 percent over the same period of last year.
Table 3: Profits and Growth Rates of Industrial Enterprises above the Designated Size in the First Eleven Months of 2010
In 2010, the value added of construction enterprises in China was 2,645.1 billion yuan, up by 12.6 percent over the previous year. The profits made by construction enterprises qualified for general contracts and specialized contracts reached 342.2 billion yuan, up by 25.9 percent, of which the profits made by the state-owned and state-holding enterprises were 99.0 billion yuan, up by 35.0 percent.
IV. Investment in Fixed Assets
The completed investment in fixed assets of the country in 2010 was 27,814.0 billion yuan, up by 23.8 percent over the previous year. The real growth was 19.5 percent after deducting the price factors. Of the total investment, that in urban areas was 24,141.5 billon yuan, up by 24.5 percent; and that in rural areas reached 3,672.5 billion yuan, up by 19.7 percent. The investment in eastern areas[6] was 11,597.0 billion yuan, up by 21.4 percent over the previous year, in central areas was 6,289.4 billion yuan, a growth of 26.2 percent, in western areas 6,187.5 billion yuan, a growth of 24.5 percent, and in northeastern areas 3,072.6 billion yuan, up by 29.5 percent.
In the urban areas, the investment in the primary industry was 396.6 billion yuan, up by 18.2 percent; that in the secondary industry was 10,104.8 billion yuan, up by 23.2 percent; and that in the tertiary industry was 13,640.1 billion yuan, up by 25.6 percent.
In 2010, the investment in real estate development was 4,826.7 billion yuan, up by 33.2 percent. Of this total, the investment in commercial residential buildings reached 3,403.8 billion yuan, an increase of 32.9 percent, that in office buildings was 180.7 billion yuan, up by 31.2 percent, and that in buildings for commercial business was 559.9 billion yuan, up by 33.9 percent.
In 2010, the construction of various indemnificatory apartments and updating of the shantytowns were in place which amounted to 5.90 million units and 3.70 million units were completed
V. Domestic Trade In 2010, the total retail sales of consumer goods reached 15,699.8 billion yuan, a growth of 18.3 percent over the previous year, or a real growth of 14.8 percent after deducting price factors. An analysis on different areas[8] showed that the retail sales of consumer goods in urban areas stood at 13,612.3 billion yuan, up by 18.7 percent, and that in rural areas reached 2,087.5 billion yuan, up by 16.2 percent. Grouped by consumption patterns, the income of retail sales of commodities was 13,935.0 billion yuan, up by 18.4 percent, that of catering industry was 1,764.8 billion yuan, up by 18.1 percent.
Of the total retail sales of commodities by enterprises above designated size, the year-on-year growth of sales for motor vehicles was 34.8 percent, that for grain and oil was 27.9 percent, for meat and eggs 21.7 percent, for clothing 25.8 percent, for daily necessities 25.1 percent, for cultural and office goods 23.5 percent. The sales of telecommunication equipment increased by 21.8 percent. The growth of sales for cosmetics was 16.6 percent, for gold, silver and jewelry 46.0 percent, for traditional Chinese drugs and western drugs 23.5 percent, for electric and electronic appliances for household use and audio-video equipment 27.7 percent, for furniture 37.2 percent and building and decoration materials 32.3 percent.
VI. Foreign Economic Relations
The total value of imports and exports in 2010 reached 2,972.8 billion US dollars, up by 34.7 percent over the previous year. Of this total, the value of goods export was 1,577.9 billion US dollars, increased by 31.3 percent, and the value of goods import was 1,394.8 billion US dollars, up by 38.7 percent. The balance of imports and exports was (exports minus imports) 183.1 billion US dollars, a decrease of 12.6 billion US dollars over the previous year.
The year 2010 witnessed the establishment of 27,406 enterprises with foreign direct investment in non-financial sectors, up by 16.9 percent over the previous year; and the foreign capital actually utilized was 105.7 billion US dollars, up by 17.4 percent.
In 2010, the overseas direct investment (non-financial sectors) by Chinese investors was 59.0 billion US dollars, up by 36.3 percent over the previous year.
In 2010, the accomplished business revenue through contracted overseas engineering projects was 92.2 billion US dollars, up by 18.7 percent, and the business revenue through overseas labor contracts was 8.9 billion US dollars, maintaining the same level in the previous year.
VII. Transportation, Post, Telecommunications and Tourism
In 2010, the total freight traffic reached 32.0 billion tons, up by 13.4 percent over the previous year, and the freight flows was 13,732.9 billion ton-kilometers, grew by 12.4 percent.
The volume of freight handled by ports above the designated size throughout the year totaled 8.02 billion tons, up 15.0 percent over the previous year, of which freight for foreign trade was 2.46 billion tons, up 13.6 percent. Container shipping handled 145.00 million standard containers, up by 18.8 percent.
The total number of motor vehicles for civilian use reached 90.86 million (including 12.84 million tri-wheel motor vehicles and low-speed trucks) by the end of 2010, up 19.3 percent, of which private-owned vehicles numbered 65.39 million, up 25.3 percent. The total number of cars for civilian use stood at 40.29 million, up by 28.4 percent, of which private-owned cars numbered 34.43 million, up by 32.2 percent.
The turnover of post and telecommunication services[9] totaled 3,294.0 billion yuan, up 20.6 percent over the previous year. Of this total, post services accounted for 198.5 billion yuan, up 21.6 percent, and telecommunication services 3,095.5 billion yuan, up 20.5 percent. By the end of 2010, with a decrease of 27.07 million lines of office switchboards, the total capacity stood at 465.59 million lines.The newly increased capacity of mobile phone switchboard[10] was 64.33 million lines with the total capacity reaching 1,505.18 million lines. The year also saw 294.38 million fixed telephone subscribers. This included 196.62 million urban subscribers and 97.76 million rural subscribers. Mobile phone users numbered 859.00 million by the end of 2010, with 111.79 million new subscribers in the year. Of this total, the number of 3G mobile phone users[11] reached 47.05 million. In total, the number of fixed and mobile phone users reached 1,153.39 million, an increase of 92.44 million as compared with that at the end of 2009. Phone coverage is 86.5 sets per 100 persons. The number of Internet users was 457 million, of which wide-band users were 450 million, and the coverage rate of Internet was 34.3 percent.
The year 2010 saw 2.10 billion domestic tourists, up 10.6 percent over the previous year. The revenue from domestic tourism totaled 1,258.0 billion yuan, up 23.5 percent. The number of inbound visitors to China totaled 133.76 million, a year-on-year increase of 5.8 percent. Of this total, 26.13 million were foreigners, up 19.1 percent; and 107.64 million were Chinese compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, up 3.0 percent. Of all the inbound tourists, overnight visitors counted 55.66 million, up 9.4 percent. Foreign exchange earnings from international tourism topped 45.8 billion US dollars, up 15.5 percent. The number of China's outbound visitors totaled 57.39 million, up 20.4 percent. Of this total, 51.51 million were on private visits, a year-on-year rise of 22.0 percent, or 89.8 percent of all outgoing visitors.
VIII. Financial Intermediation
By the end of 2010, money supply of broad sense (M2) was 72.6 trillion yuan, reflecting a year-on-year increase of 19.7 percent. Money supply of narrow sense (M1) was 26.7 trillion yuan, up 21.2 percent. Cash in circulation (M0) was 4.5 trillion yuan, up 16.7 percent.
Savings deposit in Renminbi and foreign currencies in all items of financial institutions totaled 73.3 trillion yuan at the end of 2010, an increase of 12.1 trillion yuan. Of this total, the savings deposit in Renminbi stood at 71.8 trillion yuan, an increase of 12.0 trillion yuan. Loans in Renminbi and foreign currencies in all items of financial institutions reached 50.9 trillion yuan, an increase of 8.4 trillion yuan. Of this total, that in Renminbi was 47.9 trillion yuan, an increase of 7.9 trillion yuan.
Loans in Renminbi from rural financial cooperation institutions (i.e. rural credit cooperatives, rural cooperation banks, and rural commercial banks) totaled 5.7 trillion yuan by the end of 2010, an increase of 965.5 billion yuan as compared with the beginning of 2010. The loans in Renminbi for consumption use from all financial institutions totaled 7.5 trillion yuan, an increase of 1,886.6 billion yuan. Of all consumption loans, short-term loans for individuals totaled 1.0 trillion yuan, an increase of 293.5 billion yuan, and medium- and long-term loans for individuals reached 6.5 trillion yuan, an increase of 1,593.1 billion yuan.
Funds raised in 2010 by enterprises through issuing stocks and share rights on stock market amounted to 1,025.7 billion yuan, an increase of 566.6 billion yuan over the previous year. Of this total, 347 A-shares were issued, receiving 488.3 billion yuan worth of capital altogether, an increase of 300.4 billion yuan. The refinancing of A-shares (including rationing shares, public newly issued, nonpublic newly issued and warrants) received 407.2 billion yuan worth of capital altogether, an increase of 205.7 billion yuan over 2009. The listed companies financed 132.0 billion yuan through convertible bonds, bonds with attached warrants and corporate bonds, an increase of 60.5 billion yuan. A total of 117 growth enterprise board stocks were issued, receiving 96.3 billion yuan.
In 2010, corporate funds raised by the non-listed companies reached 362.7 billion yuan, a decrease of 62.5 billion yuan over that in the previous year. The short-term financing funds of enterprises were 674.2 billion yuan, an increase of 213.0 billion yuan; and the medium-term notes were 492.4 billion yuan, a drop of 196.1 billion yuan. Funds raised by medium- and small-sized enterprises through collection notes reached 4.7 billion yuan.
The premium[12] received by the insurance companies totaled 1,452.8 billion yuan in 2010, up 30.4 percent over the previous year. Of this total, life insurance premium amounted to 968.0 billion yuan, health and casualty insurance premium 95.2 billion yuan, and property insurance premium 389.6 billion yuan. Insurance companies paid an indemnity worth of 320.0 billion yuan, of which, life insurance indemnity was 110.9 billion yuan, health and casualty insurance indemnity 33.5 billion yuan, and property insurance indemnity 175.6 billion yuan.
IX. Education, Science & Technology and Culture
In 2010, the post-graduate education enrollment was 1.538 million students with 538 thousand new students and 384 thousand graduates. The general tertiary education enrollment was 22.318 million students with 6.618 million new students and 5.754 million graduates. Vocational secondary schools of various types had 22.318 million enrolled students, including 8.681 million new entrants, and 6.592 million graduates. Senior secondary schools had 24.273 million enrolled students, including 8.362 million new entrants, and 7.944 million graduates. Students enrolled in junior secondary schools totaled 52.793 million, including 17.166 million new entrants, and 17.504 million graduates. The country had a primary education enrollment of 99.407 million students, including 16.917 million new entrants, and 17.396 million graduates. There were 426 thousand students enrolled in special education schools, with 65 thousand new entrants. Kindergartens accommodated 29.767 million children.
The amount of expenditures on research and development activities (R&D) was worth 698.0 billion yuan in 2010, up 20.3 percent over 2009, accounting for 1.75 percent of GDP. Of this total, 32.8 billion yuan was appropriated for fundamental research programs. A total number of 326 projects under the National Key Technology Research and Development Program and 308 projects under the Hi-tech Research and Development Program (the 863 Program) were implemented. The year 2010 saw a total of 127 national engineering research centers and 91 national engineering laboratories. The number of state validated enterprise technical centers reached 729 by the end of the year. The technical centers at the provincial level numbered 5,532. Venture capital investment plan had been implemented to boost new emerging industries, with accumulatively 20 venture investment enterprises being supported to be established and 46 venture businesses being invested. Some 1,222 thousand patent applications were accepted from home and abroad, of which 1,084 thousand were domestic applications, accounting for 88.7 percent of the total. A total number of 391 thousand patent applications for new inventions were accepted, of which 281 thousand were from domestic applicants or 71.9 percent of the total. A total of 815 thousand patents were authorized in 2010, of which 719 thousand were domestic patents, accounting for 88.2 percent of the total. A total of 135 thousand patents for new inventions were authorized, of which 74 thousand were domestic ones, accounting for 54.8 percent. Till the end of year 2010, the number of patents in force was 2.216 million, of which 1.732 million patents were domestic ones, accounting for 78.2 percent; the number of patents in force for inventions was 565 thousand, of which 230 thousand was domestic ones, accounting for 40.7 percent. A total of 230 thousand technology transfer contracts were signed, representing 390.6 billion yuan in value, up 28.5 percent over the previous year. The year 2010 saw 15 times of successful launch of satellites. ChangEr 2 satellite was launched successfully.
By the end of 2010, there were altogether 27,000 laboratories for product inspection, including 443 national inspection centers. There were 171 organizations for product certification and management system certification, which accumulatively certified products[13] in 79,850 enterprises. A total of 3,309 authorized measurement institutions enforced compulsory inspection on 44.67 million measurement instruments in the year. A total of 2,860 national standards were developed or revised in the year, including 2,123 new standards. There were 5,149 weather warning signals sent by national and provincial meteorological stations, and 6,559 weather alerts. There were 1,477 seismological monitor stations and 32 seismological remote monitor network stations. The numbers of oceanic observation stations were 71. Mapping departments published 1,944 maps and 806 mapping books.
At the end of 2010, there were 2,515 art-performing groups, 2,141 museums, 2,860 public libraries, 3,258 culture centers, 227 radio broadcasting stations, 247 television stations, 2,120 radio broadcasting and television stations and 44 educational television stations in the cultural system throughout China. Subscribers to cable television programs numbered 187.30 million. Subscribers to digital cable television programs were 87.98 million. Radio broadcasting and television broadcasting coverage rates were 96.8 percent and 97.6 percent respectively. Totally 14,685 episodes of 436 TV series and 221,456 minutes of animated TV series[14] were made in 2010. The country produced 526 feature movies and 95 science, educational, documentary, cartoon and special movies. A total of 44.8 billion copies of newspapers and 3.2 billion copies of magazines were issued, and 7.4 billion copies of books published. By the end of the year, there were 4,077 archives in China and 90.35 million documents were made accessible to the public.
In 2010, Chinese athletes won 108 world championships on 22 sports events. Eight athletes and 5 teams broke 15 world records on 15 occasions. On the 16th Asian Games, Team China won 199 gold medals, 119 silver medals and 98 bronze medals, totaled 416 medals. On the Asian Para Games, Team China won 185 gold medals, 118 silver medals and 88 bronze medals, totaled 391 medals.
China hosted World Expo for the first time. The Shanghai World Expo lasted 184 days with 246 countries and international organizations participated in it. Of this total, 190 were countries and 56 were international organizations. All the 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and Hong Kong, Marco and Taiwan participated in it. The accumulative number of visitors reached 73.08 million.
X. Public Health and Social Services
By the end of 2010, there were 939 thousand health institutions[15] in China, including 60 thousand general hospitals and health centers, 31 thousand community health service centers, 174 thousand clinics, 651 thousand village clinics, 3,491 epidemic disease prevention centers and 2,851 health monitoring institutions. There were 5.84 million health workers in China, including 2.37 million practicing doctors and assistant practicing doctors and 2.05 million registered nurses. General hospitals and health centers in China possessed 4.37 million beds. The number of rural health care centers was 38 thousand, possessing one million beds and employing 964 thousand health care workers. In 2010, 3.414 million people were infected by A or B class infectious diseases, with 15,950 reported deaths. The incidence of infectious disease was 255.80 per 100 thousand, with the death rate standing at 1.20 per 100 thousand.
By the end of 2010, there were all together 40 thousand social welfare institutions of various types providing 3.123 million beds, accommodating 2,365 thousand inmates. Of this total, 31 thousand were rural elder-caring organizations providing 2.139 million beds, accommodating 1,704 thousand inmates. There were 180 thousand community service facilities, of which there were 11,400 community service centers and 51 thousand community service stations. Medial aid was provided to 3,736 thousand needy people in cities and 8,138 thousand needy people in rural areas. Another 12.374 million needy people in urban areas were financed to participate in urban medical insurance system, and 42.237 million needy people in rural areas were financed to participate in new type of rural cooperative medical care system.
XI. Population, Living Conditions and Social Security
According to preliminary estimation, at the end of 2010, the total number of Chinese population[16] reached 1,341.00 million.
In 2010, the annual per capita net income of rural households was 5,919 yuan, or a real increase of 10.9 percent over the previous year when the factors of price increase were deducted. The annual per capita disposable income of urban households was 19,109 yuan, or a real increase of 7.8 percent. The proportion of expenditure on food to the total expenditure of households was 41.1 percent for rural households and 35.7 percent for urban households. According to the 2010 rural poverty line with annual per capita net income below 1,274 yuan, the population in poverty in rural areas numbered 26.88 million at the end of the year, or 9.09 million less than that at the and of 2009.
At the end of 2010, a total of 256.73 million people participated in basic pension program, a year-on-year increase of 21.23 million. Of this total, 193.74 million were staff and workers, and 62.99 million were retirees. A total of 432.06 million people participated in urban basic health insurance program[17], an increase of 30.59 million, of whom 237.34 million people participated in urban basic health insurance program for staff and workers, 194.72 million people participated in programs for residents.A total of 45.83 million people participated in urban health insurance programs were migrant workers coming from the rural areas, an increase of 2.49 million. Some 133.76 million people participated in unemployment insurance programs, an increase of 6.60 million. A total of 161.73 million people participated in work accident insurance, an increase of 12.78 million, of which 63.29 million were migrant workers coming from the rural areas, an increase of 7.41 million. A total of 123.06 million people participated in maternity insurance programs, an increase of 14.30 million. A total of 2,678 counties (cities, districts) conducted the new cooperative medical care system in rural areas, with a participation rate of 96.3 percent. The total expenditure of the new cooperative medical care system in rural areas reached 83.2 billion yuan, benefiting 700 million people. In the pilot areas of new rural social pension insurance, some 102.77 million people participated in insurance program. The number of people receiving unemployment insurance payment stood at 2.09 million in 2010.
A total of 23.111 million urban residents received the government minimum living allowances, or 345 thousand less than the previous year. About 52.284 million rural residents received the government minimum living allowance, an increase of 4,684 thousand and 5,549 thousand rural residents received government five-guarantees relief[18], an increase of 15 thousand.
XII. Resources, Environment and Work Safety
In 2010, the total supply of state-owned land for construction[19] use was 428 thousand hectares, a growth of 18.4 percent over the previous year. Of this total, that for mining storage, 153 thousand hectares, up 7.9 percent, for commercial service, 39 thousand hectares, up 40.4 percent, for residence, 114 thousand hectares, up 40.3 percent, for infrastructure facilities, 122 thousand hectares, up 10.2 percent. In 2010, of the total 105 key cities covered by monitoring program the composite prices for land[20] went up by 8.6 percent over the previous year, of which, the prices for commercial used land went up by 10.0 percent, for residential land, up 11.0 percent and 5.3 percent growth for industrial used land.
The total stock of water resources in 2010 was 2,847.0 billion cubic meters, a year-on-year increase of 17.7 percent. The annual average precipitation was 682 millimeters, up by 15.4 percent. At the end of 2010, 422 large reservoirs in China stored 209.1 billion cubic meters of water, or 28.4 billion cubic meters more than that at the end of 2009. Total water consumption went up by 0.4 percent to reach 599.0 billion cubic meters, of which water consumption for living purposes rose by 2.9 percent, for industrial use grew by 1.4 percent, for agricultural use dropped by 0.6 percent, and for ecological water supplement increased by 6.8 percent. Water consumption for every 10 thousand yuan worth of GDP produced[21] was 190.6 cubic meters, a decline of 9.1 percent. Water consumption for every 10 thousand yuan worth of industrial value added was 105.0 cubic meters, down by 9.6 percent.
In 2010, a total of 5.92 million hectares of forest were planted, of which 3.89 million were afforested by manpower. Some 3.46 million hectares were afforested through key afforestation projects, accounting for 58.4 percent of the total planted area of the year. By the end of 2010, there were 2,588 natural reserves including 319 national ones. A total of 42 thousand square kilometers of eroded land were put under comprehensive treatment programs, and 25 thousand square kilometers of land were closed for nurture and protection in areas suffering water and soil erosion. By the end of 2010, the total forest areas with set ownership were 162.04 million hectares, of this total, 133.96 million hectares obtained the forest ownership certifications.
The average temperature in 2010 was 9.5℃. Typhoon hit China 7 times in 2010.
Preliminary estimation indicated that the total energy consumption in 2010 amounted to 3.25 billion tons of standard coal equivalent, up 5.9 percent over 2009. The consumption of coal grew by 5.3 percent; crude oil, up 12.9 percent; natural gas, up 18.2 percent; and electric power, up 13.1 percent. The national energy consumption per 10,000 yuan worth of GDP went down by 4.01 percent. The consumption of major kinds of raw materials included 770 million tons of rolled steel, up 12.4 percent; 7.92 million tons of copper, up by 5.1 percent; 15.26 million tons of electrolytic aluminum, up by 6.0 percent; 14.19 million tons of ethylene, up by 32.3 percent; and 1.86 billion tons of cement, up 14.5 percent.
Monitoring of water quality on 408 sections of the 7 major water systems in China showed that 59.6 percent of the sections met the national quality standard from Grade I to Grade III for surface water, up by 2.2 percentage points over the previous year; and 16.4 percent were worse than Grade V, down by 2.0 percentage points compared with that in the previous year. Generally, the water quality in the 7 major water systems continued to improve with some river basins still having serious pollution.
Monitoring of oceanic water quality at 298 offshore monitoring stations indicated that oceanic water met the national quality standard Grade I and II in 62.8 percent of the stations, down by 10.1 percentage points from the previous year; water quality at 14.1 percent of the stations met Grade III standard, up by 8.1 percentage points; and water of Grade IV or inferior quality was found at 23.2 percent of the stations, up by 2.1 percentage points.
In the 330 cities covered by air quality monitoring program, 273 cities reached or topped air quality standard Grade II, accounting for 82.7 percent of all cities under the program; 53 cities attained Grade III, accounting for 16.1 percent; and air quality in 4 cities was inferior to Grade III, accounting for 1.2 percent. Of the 331 cities subject to noise monitoring program, 6.3 percent enjoyed fairly good environment, 67.4 percent had good environment, 25.4 percent had light noise pollution, and 0.9 percent experienced medium noise pollution in downtown areas.
At the end of 2010, the daily treatment capacity of city sewage reached 102.62 million cubic meters, up 13.4 percent over that in 2009. City sewage treatment rate was 76.9 percent, up 1.6 percentage points. The floor space with central heating systems amounted to 3.91 billion square meters, up 3.0 percent. Greenery coverage reached 34.5 percent of the urban area, up 0.3 percentage point.
In 2010, natural disasters caused 534.0 billion yuan worth of direct economic loss, an increase of 1.1 folds over that in previous year. Natural disasters hit 37.43 million hectares of crops, down by 20.7 percent, of which 4.86 million hectares of crops was demolished, down by 1.1 percent. Flood and waterlog, landslide and debris flow caused a direct economic loss of 350.5 billion yuan, an increase of 4.4 folds and left a death roll of 3,101. Drought caused a direct economic loss of 75.7 billion yuan, down by 31.2 percent. Disasters from low temperature, frost and snow made a total direct economic loss of 31.8 billion yuan with a death roll of 51. Oceanic disasters caused a direct economic loss of 14.94 billion yuan, up by 49.1 percent. The occurrence of red tides hit an accumulative area of 10,892 square kilometers, down by 22.8 percent. The country recorded 17 earthquakes with magnitude 5 and over, 10 of which caused disasters, causing a direct economic loss of 23.57 billion yuan and leaving a death roll of 2,705. The year 2010 witnessed 7,723 forest fires, down by 12.8 percent.
The death toll due to work accidents amounted to 79,552 people, a year-on-year decrease of 4.4 percent. The death toll from work accidents every 100 million yuan worth of GDP was 0.201 people, a decline of 19.0 percent. Work accidents in industrial, mining and commercial enterprises caused 2.13 deaths out of every 100 thousand employees, down 11.3 percent. The road traffic death toll per 10 thousand vehicles was 3.2 persons, down 11.1 percent. The death toll for producing one million tons of coal in coalmines was 0.749 persons, down 16.0 percent.
Notes:
1. All figures in this Communiqué are preliminary statistics. Statistics in this Communiqué do not include Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR and Taiwan Province. Due to the rounding-off reasons, the subentries may not add up to the aggregate totals.
2. Gross domestic product (GDP) and value added as quoted in this Communiqué are calculated at current prices, whereas their growth rates are at constant prices.
3. The number of migrant workers includes those who obtain employment outside their villages and towns for more than six months in the year and those who do non-agricultural work in their villages and towns for more than six months in the year.
4. Six highly energy-consuming industries are: manufacture of raw chemical materials and chemical products, manufacture of non-metallic mineral products, smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, smelting and pressing of non-ferrous metals, oil processing, coking and nuclear fuel processing, and production and supply of electricity and heat.
5. Output and consumption of rolled steel include duplicated counting of rolled steel as intermediate inputs used for producing other types of rolled steel.
6. The national total of fixed assets investment is larger than the aggregate sum by adding up the subtotals of fixed assets investment in the eastern areas, central areas, western areas and northeast areas due to the fact that some of the trans-regional investments are not covered by regional figures. The eastern areas include 10 provinces and municipalities: Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Guangdong and Hainan; central areas cover 6 provinces: Shanxi, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei and Hunan; western areas include 12 provinces, autonomous regions and municipality: Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang; northeastern areas include 3 provinces: Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang.
7. The investment in real estate includes the investment made in real estate development, construction of buildings for own use, property management, intermediary services and other real estate development.
8. From 2010, new grouping method is adopted for the statistics on the total retail sales of consumer goods: grouping according to operation location changes from city, county and below county level to urban and rural areas; grouping according to industries is cancelled and new grouping according to retail sales of commodities and earnings of catering is added.
9. The turnover of post and telecommunication services is calculated at constant prices of 2000.
10.The capacity of mobile phone switchboard refers to the number of maximum concurrent users calculated by the mobile phone switchboard according to certain calling model and switchboard processing capacity.
11.3G refers to the third generation cellular mobile communication system (3rd-generation, abbreviated as 3G), 3G mobile phone users refer to those who with use of information in the billing system and use 3G network resources at the end of the reporting period.
12.The original premium income received by the insurance companies refers to the premium income from original insurance contracts confirmed by the insurance companies.
13.The coverage of enterprises finishing products certification is adjusted: the original coverage only includes compulsory product certification, in 2010, non-compulsory certification is also included.
14.Special movies refer to those using different display modes in terms of projection techniques, equipment and program as compared with the ordinary cinemas, such as IMAX movies, 3D movies, 4D movies, multidimensional movies and fulldome movies.
15.The coverage of health institutions is adjusted, data of year 2010 include clinics in villages.
16. The total number of population at the end of 2010 is the preliminary estimation. In April 2011, the communiqué of the sixth national population census is planned to be released, data on number and structure of population in that communiqué shall be taken as final.
17.The number of people covered in urban basic health insurance programs for urban staff and workers include staff and workers and retirees insured. The urban basic health insurance programs for urban residents refer to urban non-employed residents who are not covered by the urban basic health insurance programs for staff and workers.
18.Five-guarantees relief in rural areas refers to villagers who are aged, disabled or under the age of 16 and have no ability to work, no source of income and no statutory obligors to provide for them, bring them up or support them, or whose statutory obligors have no ability to provide for them, bring them up or support them, shall enjoy life-care and physical care in terms of food, clothing, housing, medical care and funeral expenses.
19. Total supply of land for construction use refers to the supply of state-owned land for construction use with the land-used right sold, allocated or leased to units or individuals by the municipal or county governments according to annual land supply plan and in line with relevant laws in the reporting period.
20. According to <<Technical Standards for Monitoring Land Prices in Cities>>, land prices refer to land price level which is based on prices in selected monitoring cities, incorporating transaction prices on comprehensive land market and real estate market which reflects the overall land price level in cities. Comprehensive land prices refer to the average price level of land in the same city or region for different purpose of use.
21.The consumption of water and energy for producing 10 thousand yuan worth of GDP is calculated at 2005 constant prices.
Data Sources:
In this communiqué, data of newly increased employed people, unemployment rate through unemployment registration and social security are from the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security; data of foreign exchange reserves and exchange rate are from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange; financial data are from the Ministry of Finance; data of output of aquatic products are from the Ministry of Agriculture; data of production of timber, forestry and forest fires are from the State Forestry Administration; data of areas with effective irrigation system and water resources are from the Ministry of Water Resources; data of newly increased power generating capacity and newly increased power transformer equipment with a capacity of over 220 kilovolts are from China Electricity Council; data of new railways put into operation, double-track railways put into operation, electrified railways put into cooperation and railway transportation are from the Ministry of Railways; data of new highways, new cargo-handling capacity of berths for over 10000-tonnage ships, highway transportation, waterway transportation and volume of freight handled by ports are from the Ministry of Transport; data of new lines of optical-fiber cables, new capacity of digital cellular mobile phone switchboards, the number of phone users and internet users etc. are from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology; data of indemnificatory housing, treatment of city sewage, area with central heating systems and greenery coverage are from the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development; data of imports and exports of goods are from the General Administration of Customs; data of foreign direct investment, overseas direct investment, overseas contracted projects and overseas labor contracts are from the Ministry of Commerce; data of civil aviation are from the General Administration of Civil Aviation; data of pipelines are from China National Petroleum Corporation and China Petrochemical Corporation; data of motor vehicles for civilian use are from the Ministry of Public Security; data of post services are from the State Post Bureau; data of tourism are from the National Tourism Administration; data of money and finance are from the People's Bank of China; data of listed companies are from the China Securities Regulatory Commission; data of corporate funds, national engineering research centers, enterprise technical centers and venture capital investment for boosting new emerging industries are from the National Development and Reform Commission; data of insurances are from China Insurance Regulatory Commission; data of education are from the Ministry of Education; data of national technology research and development program and technology transfer contracts are from the Ministry of Science and Technology; data of patents are from the State Intellectual Property Office; data of satellite launch are from the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense; data of quality inspection, development and revision of national standards are from the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine; data of weather warning, average temperature and typhoon are from the China Meteorological Administration; data of earthquakes are from the China Seismological Bureau; data of mapping are from the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping; data of oceanic observation stations, direct economic loss caused by oceanic disasters and occurrence area of red tides are from the State Oceanic Administration; data of art-performing groups, museums, public libraries and culture centers are from the Ministry of Culture; data of radio, television and movies are from the Administration of Radio, Film and Television; data of newspapers, magazines and books are from the General Administration of Press and Publication; data of documents are from the State Archives Administration; data of sports are from the General Administration of Sport, in which, data of the Asian Para Games are from the China Disabled Persons' Federation; data of World Expo are from the Bureau of the Shanghai World Expo Coordination; data of health and new cooperative medical care system in rural areas are from the Ministry of Health; data of social services, minimum living allowances, five-guarantees relief, direct economic loss caused by natural disasters, areas of crops hit by natural disasters, direct economic loss and death roll caused by flood and waterlog, landslide and debris flow, direct economic loss caused by drought, direct economic loss and death roll caused by low temperature, frost and snow are from the Ministry of Civil Affairs; data of supply of state-owned land for construction use and composite prices for land are from the Ministry of Land and Resources; data of environment monitoring are from the Ministry of Environmental Protection; data of work safety are from the State Administration of Work Safety; all the other data are from the National Bureau of Statistics.
